AI History - The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) came into being with the Dartmouth summer workshop in 1956 that was attended by luminaries such as Herbert Simon, Oliver Selfridge, Alan Newell, John McCarthy and Claude Shannon. Herbert Simon and Alan Newell demonstrated a program at the workshop, called the “Logic Theorist” that could solve problems at the freshman calculus level. At this workshop, AI was recognized as a formal discipline with the goal of endowing computers with human-like intelligence. There are two approaches to AI, the “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches. The first attempts to treat the brain as a black box and attempts to achieve similar outputs as the brain, without using its circuitry. The usual approach here is to use a knowledge-base, an organized collection of knowledge and to reason with it. For example, “if a car does not start, problem could be the battery.” The “bottom-up” approach is more prevalent now and uses neural nets and deep learning to duplicate the wiring of the brain.